Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides, or decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This condition is a key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease , myocardial infarction, and stroke.
Treatment of dyslipidemia is aimed at normalizing blood lipid levels, preventing complications and improving overall health.
Causes and symptoms of dyslipidemia
Main reasons:
- Hereditary factors (familial hypercholesterolemia).
- Poor diet high in saturated fat.
- Overweight and obesity.
- Sedentary lifestyle.
- Chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypothyroidism.
- Taking certain medications, such as hormones or diuretics.
Symptoms of dyslipidemia:
In the early stages, dyslipidemia may be asymptomatic. Later stages may present with the following symptoms:
- Xanthomas (fatty deposits on the skin).
- Chest pain (with the development of coronary heart disease).
- Increased fatigue.
- Leg cramps (due to circulatory problems).
Diagnostic methods
To diagnose dyslipidemia, a lipidogram is used—a blood test that evaluates key lipid metabolism indicators and identifies cardiovascular disease risks. A lipidogram includes the following parameters:
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Total cholesterol level.
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Concentration of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
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Triglyceride levels.
Particular attention is paid to lipoprotein (a)—Lp(a), a macromolecular complex consisting of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and a specific protein, apolipoprotein (a). This indicator is genetically determined and is an important independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. Lp(a) testing helps more accurately assess cardiovascular disease risk, especially in cases where other cholesterol indicators cannot be effectively controlled with statins.
How is dyslipidemia treated?
Diet therapy. Dietary modification is a crucial stage of treatment. Recommended:
- Increase your fiber intake (vegetables, fruits, whole grains).
- Limit your intake of saturated fats and trans fats.
- Add foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids (fish, flaxseed oil) to your diet.
Physical activity. Regular aerobic exercise helps lower LDL and triglyceride levels and increase HDL.
Drug treatment. Prescribed medications include:
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Statins are medications that lower total cholesterol, particularly LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol), by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. They are among the most effective treatments for preventing atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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Fibrates are medications designed to lower triglyceride levels and increase HDL (good) cholesterol. They also improve lipid profiles and have anti-inflammatory properties.
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PCSK9 inhibitors are new drugs that help lower LDL levels by enhancing the activity of receptors that remove cholesterol from the blood. These drugs are particularly useful for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia or those who are unable to achieve cholesterol targets with statins.
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Interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNA) are molecules that block the synthesis of specific proteins involved in lipid metabolism. For example, the drug inclisiran, which lowers LDL levels, acts through RNA interference and is used to treat patients with high cholesterol, especially when other therapies are ineffective.
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Cholesterol absorption inhibitors (CAIs) are medications such as ezetimibe that reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine, lowering total blood cholesterol levels. They are often used in combination with statins to enhance their effect.
Weight loss and quitting smoking and alcohol significantly improve the lipid profile.
Monitoring your condition. Regular medical checkups and lipid profile monitoring allow for timely treatment adjustments.
Treatment of dyslipidemia in Belarus requires a comprehensive approach, including lifestyle modification, medication therapy, and management of comorbidities. Regular medical monitoring and adherence to all recommendations can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications, improve quality of life, and prolong life.
