Change of biological sex in transsexualism

Gender-affirming surgery is a комплекс of surgical and medical procedures aimed at changing primary and secondary sex characteristics in accordance with a person’s gender identity. The procedure is performed for transgender individuals who have medical indications and a psychological conclusion confirming transsexualism.

When is gender-affirming surgery indicated?

• With a confirmed diagnosis of transsexualism based on medical and psychiatric evaluation.
• When hormone therapy does not provide sufficient satisfaction with physical changes.
• In the presence of persistent distress related to incongruence between biological sex and gender identity.
• When the patient chooses to complete gender transition through surgical means.

How is gender-affirming surgery performed?

1. Diagnostic stage – includes consultations with a psychiatrist, endocrinologist, plastic surgeon, and mandatory hormone therapy.
2. Hormone therapy – prepares the body for changes by affecting voice, fat distribution, and hair growth.
3. Surgical correction – includes procedures to modify primary and secondary sex characteristics.
4. Rehabilitation and follow-up – postoperative care, ongoing hormone support, and psychological adaptation.

Types of surgical gender-affirming procedures

Feminization (M→F)

• Neovaginoplasty – creation of a vagina, clitoris, and labia.
• Augmentation mammoplasty – breast enlargement.
• Facial feminization surgery (FFS) – modification of facial features to achieve a softer appearance.
• Laryngeal surgery – reduction of the Adam’s apple and elevation of voice pitch.

Masculinization (F→M)

• Metoidioplasty – formation of a small penis from an enlarged clitoral complex.
• Phalloplasty – creation of a full-sized penis using tissue flaps.
• Mastectomy – removal of breast tissue to create a masculine chest contour.
• Hysterectomy – removal of the uterus and ovaries.

Advantages of gender-affirming surgery in Belarus

• Alignment between physical appearance and gender identity.
• Reduction of gender dysphoria and improvement in quality of life.
• Long-term surgical results.
• Increased self-confidence and psychological well-being.

Postoperative recovery

• Hormone therapy is continued to maintain results.
• Physical activity is limited for several months.
• Psychological adaptation is carried out under specialist supervision.
• Medical follow-up is essential to prevent complications.

Procedures are performed in specialized clinics where modern surgical techniques are used, ensuring the most natural results and comprehensive medical support at all stages.