Radioiodine therapy (RIT) is a treatment method used for diseases of the thyroid gland, including thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism. The method is based on the use of a radioactive iodine isotope (I-131), which is selectively taken up by thyroid cells and destroys malignant or hyperfunctioning tissue while minimizing exposure to healthy organs.
Indications for radioiodine therapy
- Thyroid cancer. Radioiodine therapy is used in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer, primarily to eliminate residual cancer cells after surgery. This approach reduces the risk of recurrence, especially in cases of metastatic or disseminated disease.
- Hyperthyroidism. RIT is indicated for conditions associated with excessive thyroid hormone production, such as Graves’ disease (diffuse toxic goiter) and toxic adenoma.
- Metastatic disease. Radioiodine therapy is effective for iodine-avid metastases in lymph nodes or distant organs, allowing targeted radiation delivery to tumor tissue.
How radioiodine therapy is performed
- Patient preparation. Prior to therapy, patients undergo laboratory evaluation of thyroid hormone levels and imaging studies such as thyroid scintigraphy to assess iodine uptake. In some cases, preparation includes stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels through medication withdrawal or recombinant human TSH.
- Administration of radioactive iodine. The radioactive iodine isotope is administered orally, usually in capsule or liquid form. I-131 accumulates in thyroid cells, and the emitted radiation selectively destroys malignant or hyperactive tissue.
- Isolation period. For several days after treatment, patients remain in radiation isolation because radioactive iodine is excreted in urine, sweat, and saliva. This measure protects others from unnecessary radiation exposure.
- Treatment monitoring. Follow-up examinations, including whole-body scans and blood tests (thyroglobulin, hormone levels), are performed to assess treatment effectiveness and detect possible recurrence.
Advantages of radioiodine therapy
- Selective action. Radioiodine accumulates almost exclusively in thyroid tissue, providing highly targeted treatment.
- Minimal side effects. Adverse effects are usually mild and temporary, such as dry mouth, throat discomfort, or fatigue.
- High efficacy. RIT is highly effective in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer and significantly reduces recurrence risk.
- Non-invasive approach. The method does not require surgery, resulting in shorter recovery time and fewer complications.
When radioiodine therapy is recommended
- After surgical removal of thyroid cancer to destroy residual tumor tissue and prevent recurrence.
- In hyperthyroidism caused by excessive thyroid hormone production, such as Graves’ disease.
- For treatment of iodine-avid metastases of thyroid cancer.
In Belarus, radioiodine therapy is provided in modern medical centers equipped with advanced diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. Experienced specialists apply an individualized approach for each patient, ensuring high treatment effectiveness. The availability of qualified medical care and contemporary nuclear medicine facilities makes Belarus an attractive destination for the treatment of thyroid cancer and thyroid disorders.
