Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment method that combines the use of photosensitizing agents and light to destroy malignant cells. This approach is increasingly used in oncology because it allows effective treatment of early-stage tumors while minimizing damage to healthy tissues and reducing side effects compared with conventional methods such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Principle of photodynamic therapy in oncology
Photodynamic therapy consists of three main stages:
- Administration of a photosensitizer. A special drug is administered to the patient, increasing the sensitivity of tumor cells to light. The photosensitizer preferentially accumulates in malignant cells, while healthy tissues are affected to a much lesser extent.
- Light exposure. After sufficient accumulation of the photosensitizer in the tumor, light of a specific wavelength is directed at the target area. This light activates the photosensitizer, triggering a chemical reaction.
- Destruction of tumor cells. Activation of the photosensitizer leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species, which damage cellular structures and result in the death of cancer cells. As a result, tumor cells lose their ability to grow and divide.
Indications for photodynamic therapy in oncology
- Skin cancer. PDT is widely used for early-stage skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, as well as for precancerous conditions including actinic keratosis.
- Lung cancer. The method may be applied to selected forms of lung cancer, particularly when the tumor is superficial or accessible to light delivery.
- Head and neck cancers. PDT is used for tumors of the oral cavity, larynx, and nasopharynx, especially those involving mucosal surfaces.
- Esophageal cancer. Photodynamic therapy is indicated for superficial esophageal tumors and may be used to reduce tumor size before or after other treatment modalities.
- Precancerous conditions. PDT is effective in treating dysplasia and other cellular changes with a high risk of malignant transformation.
Advantages of photodynamic therapy
- Selective action. The treatment primarily affects malignant cells, sparing surrounding healthy tissues.
- Minimally invasive. No surgical incisions are required, and the risk of bleeding is minimal.
- Compatibility with other treatments. PDT can be combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy as part of a multimodal treatment strategy.
In early-stage skin cancer and other superficial tumors, photodynamic therapy has demonstrated high effectiveness with low recurrence rates.
In Belarus, photodynamic therapy is available in leading medical centers equipped with modern diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. Experienced specialists apply innovative treatment approaches for malignant and precancerous conditions, as well as for selected dermatological indications. The combination of high medical standards and accessible costs makes Belarus an attractive destination for patients seeking photodynamic therapy.
