Adnexitis (salpingo-oophoritis) is an inflammatory disease of the uterine adnexa (fallopian tubes and ovaries) caused by a bacterial infection. It is one of the most common disorders of the female reproductive system and may lead to serious complications, including infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Treatment of adnexitis is carried out in accordance with modern clinical guidelines and involves a comprehensive approach that includes pharmacological therapy, physiotherapy, and, when necessary, surgical intervention.
Causes of adnexitis
Adnexitis is usually caused by infections transmitted sexually or by pathogens entering the reproductive system via the bloodstream, lymphatic system, or from adjacent organs. The main causative agents include:
- Chlamydia;
- Gonococci;
- Mycoplasma;
- Ureaplasma;
- Staphylococci and streptococci.
Symptoms of adnexitis
Adnexitis may present in acute or chronic forms, and the clinical manifestations depend on the stage and severity of the inflammatory process.
Acute adnexitis:
- Severe lower abdominal pain radiating to the lower back and legs;
- Fever;
- General weakness, nausea;
- Pain during urination and sexual intercourse;
- Purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge.
Chronic adnexitis:
- Dull, pulling pain in the lower abdomen, often worsening before menstruation;
- Menstrual cycle disturbances;
- Intermittent low-grade fever;
- Decreased libido;
- Infertility.
Diagnosis of adnexitis
- Gynecological examination. During the examination, the physician may detect tenderness, swelling, and inflammatory changes in the adnexal region.
- Blood and urine tests. A complete blood count typically reveals signs of inflammation, such as elevated leukocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
- Vaginal and cervical swabs. Tests are performed to identify sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other pathogens responsible for inflammation.
- Ultrasound examination (pelvic ultrasound). Ultrasound helps visualize the condition of the fallopian tubes and ovaries and detect signs of inflammation, fluid accumulation, or purulent formations.
- Laparoscopy (in selected cases). This method may be used when other diagnostic tests are inconclusive. Laparoscopy also allows for simultaneous therapeutic interventions.
If conservative treatment is ineffective or complications develop (such as abscess formation), surgical intervention may be required. Such procedures are often performed using minimally invasive techniques, including laparoscopy. During surgery, purulent collections are removed, inflamed areas are drained, and, when possible, tubal patency is restored.
Prevention of adnexitis
The following preventive measures are recommended to reduce the risk of adnexitis:
- Avoid hypothermia and pelvic infections;
- Timely treatment of inflammatory diseases;
- Use of barrier contraceptive methods (condoms) to protect against sexually transmitted infections;
- Regular gynecological check-ups for early detection and prevention of disease.
Treatment of adnexitis in Belarus is based on a comprehensive approach that includes antibiotic therapy, physiotherapy, and, when indicated, surgical management. This strategy allows effective control of the disease and helps prevent chronic progression. Early consultation with a physician at the onset of symptoms is essential, as timely treatment significantly increases the likelihood of full recovery and reduces the risk of complications.
Q&A
Лечение острого аднексита может занять от 7 до 14 дней, в зависимости от тяжести заболевания.
