A semen analysis (also known as a spermogram) is a laboratory examination of semen that allows assessment of male fertility and identification of potential factors affecting conception. It is one of the most commonly performed tests in men to evaluate reproductive capacity.
Key parameters of semen analysis
A semen analysis evaluates several important parameters that help assess the condition of the male reproductive system. The main ones include:
- Semen volume — the amount of semen ejaculated. Normal volume ranges from 1.5 to 5 ml. A reduced volume may indicate disorders of the prostate gland or seminal vesicles.
- Sperm concentration — the number of spermatozoa per milliliter of semen. A normal concentration is 15 million sperm per milliliter or higher. Values below normal may indicate hypospermia or other reproductive disorders.
- Sperm motility. Motility plays a key role in fertilization. Normally, at least 40% of sperm should be motile, with at least 32% demonstrating progressive forward movement.
- Sperm morphology. Morphological assessment evaluates the shape of sperm cells, including the head, neck, and tail. Normal morphology requires that at least 4% of sperm have a normal structure. Morphological abnormalities may reduce the likelihood of successful fertilization.
- Semen viscosity — a property determined by specific proteins. Normal semen has moderate viscosity. Excessively thick semen can impede sperm movement, while overly thin semen may indicate prostate disorders or infections.
- Semen pH. Normal semen pH ranges from 7.2 to 8.0, providing optimal conditions for sperm survival in the female reproductive tract. Deviations may indicate inflammatory or infectious processes.
- Leukocytes in semen. The presence of leukocytes may indicate inflammation or infection. Normally, leukocyte concentration should not exceed 1 million per milliliter.
- Fructose in semen. Fructose is a carbohydrate produced by the seminal vesicles and serves as an energy source for sperm. Low fructose levels may indicate dysfunction of the seminal vesicles.
- Sperm with abnormal motility — a parameter reflecting the proportion of sperm with impaired or non-progressive movement.
Indications for semen analysis
Semen analysis is recommended in the following situations:
- Difficulty conceiving when a couple has been unable to achieve pregnancy for one year or longer (in the absence of evident female factors).
- Assessment of male fertility during family planning.
- Preparation for IVF (in vitro fertilization) or ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection).
- Evaluation after surgical procedures on the reproductive organs or treatment of infectious diseases.
- Monitoring the effectiveness of infertility treatment.
- Post-vasectomy follow-up to assess procedural outcomes.
Interpretation of results
Semen analysis results may vary depending on multiple factors, and accurate interpretation is only possible in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory data. If abnormalities are detected, consultation with a physician is essential for further evaluation and treatment planning.
In Belarus, semen analysis is an important diagnostic tool for assessing male reproductive function. It is valuable both for pregnancy planning and for diagnosing various disorders of the male reproductive system.
